Artificial Intelligence Industry In China

The artificial intelligence industry in individuals’s Republic of China is a rapidly developing multi-billion dollar industry. The roots of China’s AI development began in the late 1970s following Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms emphasizing science and innovation as the country’s primary productive force.

The preliminary stages of China’s AI advancement were sluggish and experienced significant obstacles due to absence of resources and skill. At the starting China was behind most Western nations in terms of AI development. A majority of the research was led by researchers who had actually received college abroad. [1]

Since 2006, the government of individuals’s Republic of China has gradually developed a nationwide program for expert system advancement and became among the leading nations in synthetic intelligence research and development. [2] In 2016, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) launched its thirteenth five-year plan in which it aimed to end up being a worldwide AI leader by 2030. [3]

The State Council has a list of “national AI teams” consisting of fifteen China-based business, consisting of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, and iFlytek. [citation needed] Each company ought to lead the advancement of a designated specialized AI sector in China, such as facial acknowledgment, software/hardware, and speech acknowledgment. China’s rapid AI advancement has actually significantly affected Chinese society in lots of areas, consisting of the socio-economic, military, and political spheres. Agriculture, transportation, accommodation and food services, and manufacturing are the top industries that would be the most affected by more AI deployment.

The private sector, university labs, and the military are working collaboratively in lots of aspects as there are couple of present existing borders. [4] In 2021, China published the Data Security Law of individuals’s Republic of China, its first nationwide law resolving AI-related ethical issues. In October 2022, the United States federal government revealed a series of export controls and trade restrictions meant to restrict China’s access to sophisticated computer system chips for AI applications. [5] [6]

Concerns have actually been raised about the impacts of the Chinese federal government’s censorship regime on the advancement of generative synthetic intelligence and skill acquisition with state of the nation’s demographics. [7] [8]

History

The research and development of expert system in China started in the 1980s, with the announcement by Deng Xiaoping of the value of science and innovation for China’s economic development. [3]

Late 1970s to early 2010s

Artificial intelligence research study and advancement did not start till the late 1970s after Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. [3] While there was an absence of AI-related research in between the 1950s and 1960s, some scholars believe this is because of the influence of cybernetics from the Soviet Union despite the Sino-Soviet split during the late 1950s and early 1960s. [9] In the 1980s, a group of Chinese scientists launched AI research study led by Qian Xuesen and Wu Wenjun. [9] However, during the time, China’s society still had a typically conservative view towards AI. [9] Early AI development in China was tough so China’s government approached these obstacles by sending out Chinese scholars overseas to study AI and more supplying federal government funds for research projects. The Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence (CAAI) was founded in September 1981 and was licensed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. [10] The first chairman of the executive committee was Qin Yuanxun, who got a PhD in viewpoint from Harvard University. [citation needed] In 1987, China’s first research publication on synthetic intelligence was released by Tsinghua University. Beginning in 1993, clever automation and intelligence have actually become part of China’s national innovation plan. [9]

Since the 2000s, the Chinese federal government has actually further expanded its research study and development funds for AI and the number of government-sponsored research jobs has actually significantly increased. [3] In 2006, China revealed a policy priority for the development of expert system, which was consisted of in the National Medium and Long Term Prepare For the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020), launched by the State Council. [2] In the exact same year, expert system was likewise pointed out in the l lth five-year plan. [11]

In 2011, the Association for the Advancement of Expert System (AAAI) established a branch in Beijing, China. [12] At same year, the Wu Wenjun Expert System Science and Technology Award was established in honor of Chinese mathematician Wu Wenjun, and it became the greatest award for Chinese accomplishments in the field of expert system. The very first award ceremony was hung on May 14, 2012. [13] In 2013, the International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) was kept in Beijing, marking the first time the conference was kept in China. This occasion accompanied the Chinese government’s statement of the “Chinese Intelligence Year,” a considerable turning point in China’s advancement of synthetic intelligence. [12]

Late 2010s to early 2020s

The State Council of China issued “A Next Generation Expert System Development Plan” (State Council Document [2017] No. 35) on 20 July 2017. In the document, the CCP Central Committee and the State Council urged governing bodies in China to promote the development of expert system. Specifically, the strategy described AI as a tactical technology that has ended up being a “focus of international competition”. [14]:2 The file prompted substantial investment in a number of tactical locations connected to AI and required close cooperation between the state and economic sectors. On the occasion of CCP basic secretary Xi Jinping’s speech at the very first plenary conference of the Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), scholars from the National Defense University composed in the PLA Daily that the “transferability of social resources” in between financial and military ends is an essential part to being a great power. [15] During the Two Sessions 2017,”synthetic intelligence plus” was proposed to be raised to a tactical level. [16] The very same year witnessed the emergence of several application-level usages in the medical field according to reports. [17] Furthermore, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) developed their AI processor chip research study lab in Nanjing, and presented their first AI specialization chip, Cambrian. [citation needed]

In 2018, Xinhua News Agency, in partnership with Tencent’s subsidiary Sogou, released its very first synthetic intelligence-generated news anchor. [18] [19] [20]

In 2018, the State Council allocated $2.1 billion for an AI industrial park in Mentougou district. [21] In order to accomplish this the State Council stated the need for massive talent acquisition, theoretical and useful developments, along with public and personal financial investments. [14] Some of the mentioned inspirations that the State Council offered for pursuing its AI strategy include the potential of expert system for commercial transformation, better social governance and preserving social stability. [14] Since completion of 2020, Shanghai’s Pudong District had 600 AI companies across foundational, technical, and application layers, with associated markets valued at around 91 billion yuan. [22]

In 2019, the application of synthetic intelligence broadened to various fields such as quantum physics, geography, and medical research. With the introduction of big language models (LLMs), at the start of 2020, Chinese scientists started developing their own LLMs. One such example is the multimodal large design called ‘Zidongtaichu.’ [23]

The Beijing Academy of Expert system released China’s very first large scale pre-trained language design in 2022. [24] [25]:283

In November 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Public Security collectively issued the policies concerning deepfakes, which ended up being efficient in January 2023. [26]

In July 2023, Huawei launched its version 3.0 of its Pangu LLM. [27]

In July 2023, China released its Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services. [28]:96 A draft proposition on basic generative AI services safety requirements, of requirements for data collection and model training was provided in October 2023. [28]:96

Also in October 2023, the Chinese government launched its Global AI Governance Initiative, which frames its AI policy as part of a Community of Common Destiny and intends to develop AI policy discussion with developing countries. [29] [28]:93 The Initiative has actually revealed issue over AI safety risks, including abuse of data or the usage of AI by terrorists. [28]:93

In 2024, Spamouflage, an online disinformation and propaganda campaign of the Ministry of Public Security, started utilizing news anchors developed with generative expert system to deliver phony news clips. [18]

In March 2024, Premier Li Qiang launched the AI+ Initiative, which plans to integrate AI into China’s real economy. [28]:95

In May 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China revealed that it presented a big language model trained on Xi Jinping Thought. [30]

According to the 2024 report from the International Data Corporation (IDC), Baidu AI Cloud holds China’s largest LLM market show 19.9 percent and US$ 49 million in revenue over the in 2015. This was followed by SenseTime, with 16 percent market share, and by Zhipu AI, as the third biggest. The 4th and fifth largest were Baichuan and the Hong-Kong noted AI company 4Paradigm respectively. [31] Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax were applauded by financiers as China’s new “AI Tigers”. [32] In April 2024, 117 generative AI designs had been authorized by the Chinese federal government. [33]

As of 2024, lots of Chinese technology companies such as Zhipu AI and Bytedance have actually released AI video-generation tools to rival OpenAI’s Sora. [34]

Chronology of major AI-related policies

Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Industry and Information Technology; the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs

National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

Government goals

According to a February 2019 publication by the Center for a Brand-new American Security, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping – believes that being at the forefront of AI technology will be important to the future of worldwide military and economic power competitors. [35] By 2025, the State Council aims for China to make basic contributions to fundamental AI theory and to solidify its location as an international leader in AI research. Further, the State Council goes for AI to become “the main driving force for China’s industrial updating and economic improvement” by this time. [14] By 2030, the State Council intends to have China be the worldwide leader in the advancement of synthetic intelligence theory and technology. The State Council declares that China will have developed a “fully grown new-generation AI theory and innovation system.” [14]

According to academics Karen M. Sutter and Zachary Arnold, the Chinese government “looks for to blend state preparation and control while some operational flexibility for companies. In this context, China’s AI companies are hybrid players. The state guides their activity, funds, and guards them from foreign competition through domestic market securities, producing uneven advantages as they expand offshore.” [36]

The CCP’s fourteenth five-year plan declared AI as a top research concern and ranks AI initially amongst “frontier industries” that the Chinese government aims to concentrate on through 2035. [3] The AI industry is a tactical sector frequently supported by China’s government guidance funds. [37]:167

Research and advancement

Chinese public AI financing primarily concentrated on innovative and applied research study. [38] The government financing also supported several AI R&D in the economic sector through endeavor capitals that are backed by the state. [38] Much analytic agency research showed that, while China is massively purchasing all elements of AI advancement, facial recognition, biotechnology, quantum computing, medical intelligence, and self-governing lorries are AI sectors with the most attention and financing. [39]

According to national assistance on developing China’s modern industrial development zones by the Ministry of Science and Technology, there are fourteen cities and one county selected as an experimental development zone. [40] Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces have the most AI development in speculative areas. However, the focus of AI R&D varied depending on cities and regional industrial advancement and community. For example, Suzhou, a city with a longstanding strong production market, heavily focuses on automation and AI facilities while Wuhan focuses more on AI executions and the education sector. [40] In connection with universities, tech companies, and national ministries, Shenzhen and Hangzhou each co-founded generative AI laboratories. [25]:282

In 2016 and 2017, Chinese groups won the leading prize at the Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, an international competition for computer system vision systems. [41] Much of these systems are now being integrated into China’s domestic monitoring network. [42]

Interdisciplinary collaborations play a vital role in China’s AI R&D, including academic-corporate cooperation, public-private cooperations, and global cooperations and tasks with corporate-government partnerships are the most common. [1] China ranked in the top three worldwide following the United States and the European Union for the total number of peer-reviewed AI publications that are produced under a corporate-academic collaboration in between 2015 and 2019. [43] Besides, according to an AI index report, China exceeded the U.S. in 2020 in the total number of worldwide AI-related journal citations. [43] In regards to AI-related R&D, China-based peer-reviewed AI papers are primarily sponsored by the federal government. In May 2021, China’s Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence launched the world’s biggest pre-trained language design (WuDao). [44]

As of 2023, 47% of the world’s top AI scientists had actually finished their undergraduate studies in China. [28]:101

According to academic Angela Huyue Zhang, publishing in 2024, while the Chinese federal government has actually been proactive in managing AI services and imposing responsibilities on AI business, the total method to its guideline is loose and shows a pro-growth policy beneficial to China’s AI industry. [28]:96 In July 2024, the federal government opened its very first algorithm registration center in Beijing. [45]

Population

China’s large population creates an enormous amount of accessible information for business and scientists, which uses an essential benefit in the race of big information. As of 2024 [update], China has the world’s biggest variety of web users, generating substantial quantities of information for maker learning and AI applications. [46]:18

Facial acknowledgment

Facial recognition is among the most commonly employed AI applications in China. Collecting these large quantities of data from its locals helps further train and expand AI abilities. China’s market is not just favorable and valuable for corporations to more AI R&D but also uses tremendous economic possible drawing in both global and domestic companies to join the AI market. The extreme development of the info and communication technology (ICT) industry and AI chipsets in the last few years are two examples of this. [47] China has actually ended up being the world’s largest exporter of facial recognition technology, according to a January 2023 Wired report. [48]

Censorship and content controls

In April 2023, [49] the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) issued draft steps stating that tech business will be bound to guarantee AI-generated material upholds the ideology of the CCP including Core Socialist Values, prevents discrimination, appreciates copyright rights, and safeguards user data. [50] [25]:278 Under these draft steps, business bear legal duty for training information and content produced through their platforms. [25]:278 In October 2023, the Chinese federal government mandated that generative artificial intelligence-produced content may not “prompt subversion of state power or the overthrowing of the socialist system.” [51] Before releasing a big language model to the general public, business need to look for approval from the CAC to certify that the model declines to address specific questions connecting to political ideology and criticism of the CCP. [8] [52] Questions connected to politically sensitive subjects such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations and massacre or comparisons in between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh must be declined. [52]

In 2023, in-country access was obstructed to Hugging Face, a company that maintains libraries including training data sets frequently used for big language models. [8] A subsidiary of individuals’s Daily, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, supplies regional companies with training information that CCP leaders consider allowable. [8] In 2024, the People’s Daily released a LLM-based tool called Easy Write. [53]

Microsoft has actually alerted that the Chinese government uses generative expert system to interfere in foreign elections by spreading disinformation and provoking discussions on dissentious political issues. [54] [55] [56]

The Chinese synthetic intelligence design DeepSeek has been reported to refuse to respond to questions associating with features of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, persecution of Uyghurs, comparisons between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh or human rights in China. [57] [58] [59]

Impact

Economic effect

Most companies [who?] hold optimistic views about AI’s financial influence on China’s long-lasting economic development. In the past, traditional industries in China have actually fought with the boost in labor costs due to the growing aging population in China and the low birth rate. With the release of AI, operational expenses are expected to reduce while a boost in effectiveness generates revenue development. [60] Some highlight the significance of a clear policy and governmental support in order to overcome adoption barriers including expenses and lack of effectively trained technical talents and AI awareness. [61] However, there are concerns about China’s deepening income inequality and the ever-expanding imbalanced labor market in China. Low- and medium-income employees may be the most negatively affected by China’s AI development due to the fact that of rising needs for workers with advanced abilities. [61] Furthermore, China’s financial growth may be disproportionately divided as a bulk of AI-related industrial advancement is concentrated in seaside regions instead of inland. [61]

An influential choice by the Beijing Internet Court has ruled that AI-generated material is entitled to copyright defense. [28]:98

Military effect

China looks for to develop a “world-class” military by “intelligentization” with a specific concentrate on using unmanned weapons and expert system. [62] [63] It is investigating different types of air, land, sea, and undersea autonomous cars. In the spring of 2017, a civilian Chinese university with ties to the military showed an AI-enabled swarm of 1,000 uninhabited aerial lorries at an airshow. A media report launched afterwards showed a computer system simulation of a comparable swarm formation finding and destroying a rocket launcher. [4]:23 Open-source publications showed that China is likewise developing a suite of AI tools for cyber operations. [64] [4]:27 Chinese advancement of military AI is mostly affected by China’s observation of U.S. strategies for defense innovation and worries of a widening “generational space” in contrast to the U.S. military. Similar to U.S. military ideas, China aims to use AI for making use of big troves of intelligence, generating a common operating image, and speeding up battlefield decision-making. [64] [4]:12 -14 The Chinese Multi-Domain Precision Warfare (MDPW) is considered China’s reaction to the U.S. Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) method, which seeks to incorporate sensors and weapons with AI and a vigorous network. [65] [66]

Twelve classifications of military applications of AI have actually been identified: UAVs, USVs, UUVs, UGVs, smart munitions, smart satellites, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) software, automated cyber defense software, automated cyberattack software application, choice support, software application, automated missile launch software application, and cognitive electronic warfare software. [67]

China’s management of its AI ecosystem contrasts with that of the United States. [4]:6 In basic, few borders exist in between Chinese business business, university research study laboratories, the military, and the main federal government. As a result, the Chinese federal government has a direct ways of directing AI advancement top priorities and accessing innovation that was ostensibly developed for civilian purposes. To even more strengthen these ties the Chinese government produced a Military-Civil Fusion Development Commission which is intended to speed the transfer of AI innovation from industrial business and research study institutions to the military in January 2017. [2] [4]:19 In addition, the Chinese federal government is leveraging both lower barriers to information collection and lower costs of data labeling to create the large databases on which AI systems train. [68] According to one price quote, China is on track to possess 20% of the world’s share of information by 2020, with the potential to have over 30% by 2030. [64] [4]:12

China’s centrally directed effort is buying the U.S. AI market, in companies working on militarily relevant AI applications, potentially granting it legal access to U.S. innovation and copyright. [69] Chinese venture capital financial investment in U.S. AI companies between 2010 and 2017 amounted to an approximated $1.3 billion. [70] [64] In September 2022, the U.S. Biden administration released an executive order to prevent foreign investments, “especially those from rival or adversarial countries,” from investing in U.S. technology firms, due to U.S. nationwide security issues. [71] [72] The order covers fields of U.S. innovations in which Chinese government has been investing, including “microelectronics, artificial intelligence, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, [and] advanced clean energy.” [71] [72]

In 2024, scientists from individuals’s Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences were reported to have actually developed a military tool using Llama, which Meta Platforms stated was unapproved due to its model usage prohibition for military functions. [73] [74]

Academia

Although in 2004, Peking University introduced the first scholastic course on AI which led other Chinese universities to embrace AI as a discipline, especially since China deals with difficulties in recruiting and retaining AI engineers and scientists. [21] Over half of the information researchers in the United States have been working in the field for over ten years, while roughly the very same proportion of data scientists in China have less than 5 years of experience. Since 2017, fewer than 30 Chinese Universities produce AI-focused professionals and research items. [61]:8 Although China surpassed the United States in the variety of research papers produced from 2011 to 2015, the quality of its published papers, as evaluated by peer citations, ranked 34th worldwide. [75] China particularly desire to resolve military applications and so the Beijing Institute of Technology, one of China’s premier institutes for weapons research, recently established the first kids’s curriculum in military AI on the planet. [76]

In 2019, 34% of Chinese students studying in the AI field remained in China for work. [77] According to a database maintained by an American thinktank, the portion increased to 58% in 2022. [77]

Ethical concerns

For the previous years, there are discussions about AI security and ethical issues in both private and public sectors. In 2021, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology released the very first national ethical guideline, ‘the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Ethics Code’ on the subject of AI with specific focus on user protection, information personal privacy, and security. [78] This document acknowledges the power of AI and quick technology adjustment by the big corporations for user engagements. The South China Morning Post reported that human beings shall stay completely decision-making power and rights to opt-in/-out. [78] Before this, the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence published the Beijing AI principles requiring vital requirements in long-term research study and planning of AI ethical concepts. [79]

Data security has been the most common topic in AI ethical discussion worldwide, and many nationwide governments have established legislation attending to information privacy and security. The Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China was enacted in 2017 intending to attend to new obstacles raised by AI advancement. [80] [original research study?] In 2021, China’s brand-new Data Security Law (DSL) was gone by the PRC congress, establishing a regulative framework categorizing all kinds of data collection and storage in China. [81] This implies all tech business in China are required to classify their information into categories noted in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and follow specific standards on how to govern and manage information transfers to other celebrations. [81]

Judicial system

In 2019, the city of Hangzhou established a pilot program synthetic intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disputes connected to ecommerce and internet-related intellectual home claims. [82]:124 Parties appear before the court by means of videoconference and AI evaluates the evidence provided and uses appropriate legal requirements. [82]:124

Because some controversial cases that drew public criticism for their low punishments have actually been withdrawn from China Judgments Online, there are concerns about whether AI based on fragmented judicial data can reach unbiased decisions. [83] Zhang Linghan, teacher of law at the China University of Political Science and Law, composes that AI-technology business might erode judicial power. [84] Some scholars argued that “increasing party management, political oversight, and reducing the discretionary space of judges are deliberate goals of SCR [smart court reform]” [85]

Leading business

Leading AI-centric companies and start-ups consist of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, 4Paradigm and Yitu Technology. [86] Chinese AI business iFlytek, SenseTime, Cloudwalk and DJI have actually received attention for facial recognition, sound acknowledgment and drone innovations. [87]

China’s federal government takes a market-oriented approach to AI, and has looked for to motivate personal tech companies in developing AI. [25]:281 In 2018, it designated Baidu, Alibaba, iFlytek, Tencent, and SenseTime as “AI champions”. [25]:281

In 2023, Tencent debuted its large language model Hunyuan for business use on Tencent Cloud. [88]

New leading AI start-ups include Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax which were praised by financiers as China’s new “AI Tigers” in 2024. [32] 01. AI has also been promoted as a leading start-up. [89]

Assessment

Academic Jinghan Zeng argued the Chinese government’s dedication to international AI management and technological competitors was driven by its previous underperformance in innovation which was seen by the CCP as a part of the century of humiliation. [90] According to Zeng, there are traditionally embedded causes of China’s stress and anxiety towards protecting a worldwide technological dominance – China missed out on both commercial transformations, the one beginning in Britain in the mid-18th century, and the one that originated in America in the late-19th century. [90] Therefore, China’s government desires to take benefit of the technological revolution in today’s world led by digital innovation consisting of AI to resume China’s “rightful” place and to pursue the national renewal proposed by Xi Jinping. [90]

An article published by the Center for a New American Security concluded that “Chinese federal government authorities demonstrated incredibly eager understanding of the concerns surrounding AI and international security. This consists of knowledge of the U.S. AI policy conversations,” and suggested that “the U.S. policymaking neighborhood to similarly focus on cultivating proficiency and understanding of AI advancements in China” and “financing, focus, and a willingness amongst U.S. policymakers to drive massive needed modification.” [35] A post in the MIT Technology Review similarly concluded: “China may have unequaled resources and massive untapped potential, however the West has world-leading competence and a strong research study culture. Rather than fret about China’s progress, it would be sensible for Western nations to concentrate on their existing strengths, investing greatly in research and education. ” [91]

The Chinese federal government’s censorship program has stunted the development of generative expert system [7] [8]

In a 2021 text, the Research Centre for a Holistic Approach to National Security at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations composed that the advancement of AI produces difficulties for holistic nationwide security, consisting of the dangers that AI will increase social stress or have destabilizing effects on global relations. [28]:49

Writing from a Chinese Marxist view, academics consisting of Gao Qiqi and Pan Enrong compete that capitalist application of AI will lead to higher injustice of employees and more severe social problems. [28]:90 Gao points out how the development of AI has increased the power of platform companies like Meta, Twitter, and Alphabet, causing higher capital accumulation and political power in less financial stars. [28]:90 According to Gao, the state needs to be the main responsible star in the area of generative AI (producing new material like music or video). [28]:92 Gao composes that military use of AI risks escalating military competition in between nations which the effect of AI in military matters will not be limited to one country but will have spillover effects. [28]:91

Dialogues in between Chinese and Western AI experts about the existential risk from artificial intelligence have actually occurred. [92]

Public polling

The Chinese public is generally optimistic relating to AI. [25]:283 [28]:101 A 2021 research study conducted across 28 nations discovered that 78% of the Chinese public thinks the benefits of AI exceed the risks, the greatest of any nation in the research study. [25]:283 In 2024, a survey of elite Chinese university students discovered that 80% concurred or strongly agreed that AI will do more excellent than harm for society, and 31% thought it must be managed by the government. [93]

Human rights

The widely utilized AI facial acknowledgment has actually raised concerns. [94] According to The New York Times, release of AI facial recognition innovation in the Xinjiang area to detect Uyghurs is “the very first recognized example of a federal government purposefully utilizing expert system for racial profiling,” [95] which is stated to be “one of the most striking examples of digital authoritarianism.” [96] Researchers have discovered that in China, locations experiencing higher rates of discontent are connected with increased state acquisition of AI facial acknowledgment technology, particularly by regional community authorities departments. [97] [98]

Artificial intelligence.
Expert system arms race
China Brain Project
Fifth generation computer
List of expert system companies
Regulation of synthetic intelligence

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Further reading

Hannas, William C.; Chang, Huey-Meei, eds. (29 July 2022). Chinese Power and Artificial Intelligence: Perspectives and Challenges (1st ed.). London: Routledge.